Is surgery always necessary for cryptorchidism?

Surgery to remove the undescended testicle(s) and neuter is recommended in most cases to reduce the risk of complications and future tumour development; whether to proceed should be assessed by your vet based on your pet's overall condition.

How is the location of the testicle determined?

The vet will first palpate the scrotum and groin; abdominal ultrasound or X-ray is arranged if needed, and complex cases may require advanced imaging to locate the testicle.

What post-operative care is needed?

After surgery, restrict your pet's activity, prevent licking or biting the wound, attend scheduled check-ups, and administer pain relief as directed; follow-up visits over several weeks are usually needed to confirm healing.

Does cryptorchidism increase the risk of cancer?

A retained testicle carries a significantly higher risk of pathological change and tumour development over time, so early treatment or regular monitoring is generally recommended; always follow your vet's assessment.

How much do the tests and treatment usually cost?

Costs vary by clinic and region — ask your vet for an estimate before proceeding.

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Disease Guide

Cryptorchidism in Dogs & Cats: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Surgery [2025]

Cryptorchidism is a congenital condition in which one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum; surgical removal is recommended to prevent future testicular tumour risk.

Take 1 minute to check the symptoms first

Last updated: 2026/01/05

Pethealthmap Editorial Team

Sources: AVMA, WSAVA, National Taiwan University College of Veterinary Medicine

When to See a Vet

Seek Emergency Care Immediately

•Sudden loss of consciousness or fainting with no response
•Persistent vomiting with signs of severe dehydration
•Rapid or labored breathing and inability to rest quietly

Schedule a Clinic Visit Soon (within 24–72 hours)

•One side of the scrotum is visibly smaller or a testicle cannot be felt
•A lump or hard mass is palpable in the groin or abdomen
•Significant decrease in appetite or reduced activity and alertness

01What signs indicate a problem?

Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testicles to descend normally into the scrotum. Common outward signs include scrotal asymmetry or a palpable lump in the groin or abdomen; some animals may also show signs of discomfort or behavioural changes.

One side of the scrotum is noticeably smaller or a testicle cannot be felt
A firm lump or mass is palpable in the groin or abdomen
Pain response or reluctance to be touched in the area
Vomiting, abdominal pain, or changes in coat and skin condition
Reduced activity, limping, or reluctance to jump (if accompanied by pain)

Seek emergency care immediately if you notice the following symptoms:

⚠️ Loss of consciousness or unresponsive collapse
⚠️ Severe abdominal pain or persistent vomiting with signs of dehydration
⚠️ Rapid breathing or obvious difficulty breathing

02What should you watch for at home? Key observations and emergency criteria

Observing and noting key details at home helps your vet quickly assess whether imaging or urgent treatment is needed.

Note the number of vomiting episodes, the nature of the vomit, and when they occur
Check and photograph scrotal size and whether a testicle can be felt
Check for any lumps or firm masses in the groin or abdomen
Track changes in alertness and appetite and note the timing
Record a video of your pet walking or standing, and note urination and defecation patterns

03How does the vet make a diagnosis? Common examination steps

At the clinic, the vet will use a systematic examination to confirm testicle location, assess for complications, and arrange any necessary imaging or laboratory tests.

Physical examination

palpation of the scrotum, groin, and abdomen

Blood count and biochemistry

assessing overall health and anaesthetic risk

Urinalysis

to rule out urinary tract infection or related issues

Abdominal ultrasound or X-ray

to locate the undescended testicle or any masses

Advanced imaging (e.g. CT scan)

to evaluate testicles in deep or atypical locations

04What is the treatment and aftercare? Medication, diet, and care guidance

Treatment is primarily surgical; post-operative care involves restricted activity, pain management, and regular follow-up imaging or tests to minimise the risk of complications.

Surgical removal of the undescended testicle(s), typically combined with neutering
Restricted activity post-surgery and scheduled check-ups to monitor wound healing
Short-term pain relief and post-operative care instructions are typically provided
Follow-up imaging or blood tests may be arranged depending on the individual case
Long-term monitoring plan to assess reproductive and tumour risk

05What to prepare before your vet visit? Key information to help your vet

Note when symptoms first appeared and how they have changed over time

Record daily vomiting frequency, bowel movements, and appetite

Bring previous test reports, vaccination records, and a list of current medications

Use your phone to record the abdomen, scrotum, and your pet's gait for the vet to review

If possible, bring a fresh urine or faecal sample to the clinic

This content is for reference only and cannot replace a professional veterinary diagnosis. If your pet shows signs of illness, please seek veterinary care promptly.