How do cystine stones form?

Cystine stones are linked to an inherited metabolic defect that causes elevated cystine levels in the urine; when combined with an unfavourable urine pH, crystals form more easily. If you suspect this condition, speak to your vet about further testing.

Does blood in the urine always require an emergency vet visit?

Blood in the urine is not always an emergency, but if it is accompanied by straining, inability to urinate, or lethargy, seek urgent veterinary care immediately. Otherwise, arrange a clinic appointment as soon as possible.

How can the risk of stone recurrence be reduced?

Common strategies include switching to a vet-recommended prescription diet, increasing water intake, and scheduling regular urine tests and imaging. Follow your vet's specific recommendations for your pet.

What tests are typically needed to diagnose cystine urolithiasis?

Common tests include urinalysis, a blood biochemistry panel, X-rays, and abdominal ultrasound. In some cases, advanced imaging or stone composition analysis may also be recommended — discuss the appropriate workup with your vet.

How much do the tests and treatment usually cost?

Costs vary by clinic and region — ask your vet for an estimate before proceeding.

Disease Guide

Cystine Urolithiasis in Dogs & Cats: Blood in Urine, Difficulty Urinating & Imaging [2025]

Cystine stones are linked to inherited metabolic abnormalities; some can be dissolved through diet, and long-term dietary management is needed to prevent recurrence.

Take 1 minute to check the symptoms first

Last updated: 2026/01/06

Pethealthmap Editorial Team

Sources: ACVIM, WSAVA, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital

When to See a Vet

Seek immediate veterinary care (emergency)

•Completely unable to urinate for a prolonged period, or only dribbling urine
•Frequent straining but producing only a small amount of urine or none at all
•Onset of rapid breathing, weakness, or altered consciousness

Arrange a clinic visit as soon as possible (within 24-72 hours)

•Bloody urine or persistently abnormal urine color, but still alert
•Frequent urination but still able to pass small amounts of urine
•Frequent licking of the genital area or a marked change in urination behavior

01What symptoms signal a problem?

Cystine urolithiasis commonly causes abnormal urination and pain in dogs and cats; some cases can be life-threatening and require prompt attention.

Blood-tinged or visibly red urine
Frequent urination with only small amounts passed each time
Signs of pain during urination — crying out, straining, or hunching
Straining with only drops produced, or no urine at all
Excessive licking of the genital area or changes in urination habits
Lethargy, reduced activity, or noticeable loss of appetite

Seek emergency care immediately if you notice the following symptoms:

⚠️ Complete inability to urinate or producing very little urine for an extended period
⚠️ Repeated straining with only drops or no urine produced
⚠️ Rapid breathing, weakness, or altered consciousness

02How to assess the situation at home: Key observations and when to go to emergency

Observing and recording key information at home helps your vet quickly assess the situation and decide on appropriate tests.

Note when blood in the urine was first noticed and how frequently it occurs
Track and record daily water intake and number of urination attempts
Photograph urine colour or record a video of your pet urinating for reference
Monitor appetite, energy levels, and any signs of vomiting or distress
If your pet cannot urinate at all, seek emergency care immediately and note the time

03How will the vet make a diagnosis? Common tests and examinations

Tests performed at the clinic help confirm whether stones are present, whether there is a blockage, and how much kidney function has been affected.

Physical examination

palpation of the abdomen and bladder for tenderness or distension

Urinalysis

including urine sediment examination and specific gravity measurement

Blood and biochemistry panel

to assess kidney function and electrolyte status

Imaging

X-rays and abdominal ultrasound to locate stone size and position

CT scan may be arranged if needed to evaluate complex or unclear lesions

04What treatment and care is needed? Medications, dietary changes, and management guide

Treatment is tailored to each case, covering emergency management and long-term care; regular follow-up reduces the risk of recurrence.

Dietary modification with prescription food and lifestyle changes to alter the urinary environment
Emergency intervention and hospitalisation if a urinary obstruction is present
Surgical or minimally invasive endoscopic stone removal may be required in some cases
Long-term medication or supplement therapy with regular outpatient monitoring
Periodic urine tests and imaging to monitor for recurrence or improvement
Long-term follow-up with a veterinary internal medicine or urology specialist is recommended

05What to prepare before your vet visit: Key information to help your vet diagnose quickly

Write down when symptoms began, how they have changed, and any treatments already given

Prepare a log of water intake, urination frequency, and any episodes of blood in the urine

Bring a photo of the urine or a fresh urine sample if possible

List all current medications and supplements your pet is taking

Bring any previous imaging results or lab reports if available

Book an appointment at a clinic equipped to perform X-rays and ultrasound

This content is for reference only and cannot replace a professional veterinary diagnosis. If your pet shows signs of illness, please seek veterinary care promptly.