What are the common causes of panniculitis?

Panniculitis can be caused by trauma, infection, immune reactions, or abnormal subcutaneous fat metabolism. The exact cause requires a veterinary examination and appropriate tests — ask your vet for further evaluation.

Does a subcutaneous lump always require surgery?

Not necessarily. Whether surgery is needed depends on the nature, size, and infection status of the lump. The vet will typically use imaging and cytology to assess the lump before deciding on surgery.

How often are follow-up appointments typically needed?

Follow-up frequency depends on the severity and treatment response. Mild cases may be reviewed every 1–2 weeks, while more complex cases or post-surgical patients need closer monitoring — follow your vet's recommended schedule.

What home care can help my pet recover?

At home, prevent scratching or licking of the affected area, keep the wound clean, manage your pet's weight, and attend all follow-up appointments. Contact your vet promptly if you suspect infection or worsening pain.

How much do the tests and treatment usually cost?

Costs vary by clinic and region — ask your vet for an estimate before proceeding.

Disease Guide

Panniculitis in Dogs & Cats: Subcutaneous Lumps, Imaging & Home Care [2025]

Panniculitis is inflammation of subcutaneous fat that forms nodules or ulcers; causes vary and treatment depends on the underlying condition.

Take 1 minute to check the symptoms first

Last updated: 2026/01/06

Pethealthmap Editorial Team

Sources: WSAVA, ISFM, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital

When to See a Vet

Seek emergency care immediately

•Skin ulceration with heavy discharge of pus or bleeding that does not stop
•Persistent lethargy and unresponsiveness, unable to be roused
•Rapid breathing or bluish/purple lips with obvious signs of respiratory distress

Schedule a clinic visit soon (within 24–72 hours)

•Subcutaneous lump that noticeably enlarges or hardens in a short period
•Obvious flinching or crying out when the affected area is touched
•Significant decrease in appetite lasting more than one day

01What symptoms signal a problem?

Panniculitis can cause systemic or localised inflammation and pain, commonly presenting as subcutaneous firm nodules, redness, and reduced activity.

Lethargy or a noticeable drop in activity level
Reduced appetite or a clear decrease in food intake
Flinching or showing pain when the affected area is touched
Palpable lump under the skin with localised redness or warmth
Any of the above warrants an early vet appointment

Seek emergency care immediately if you notice the following symptoms:

⚠️ Skin ulceration with heavy pus discharge or bleeding that will not stop
⚠️ Persistent unresponsiveness or extreme lethargy that cannot be roused
⚠️ Rapid breathing, bluish lips, or obvious respiratory distress

02How do you assess the situation at home? Key observations and emergency criteria

Before your appointment, observe and note key details at home — this information helps the vet assess your pet's condition quickly.

Record the date and time each symptom first appeared
Take photos and videos of the lump and your pet's movement
Check the skin for redness, broken skin, discharge, or pus
Note any changes in appetite, water intake, and litter or toilet habits
Measure and record weight and temperature if possible
Seek veterinary care promptly if pain worsens or the condition deteriorates

03How does the vet diagnose panniculitis? Common diagnostic tests

The vet will perform a physical examination and combine blood and imaging tests to identify the likely cause of inflammation or infection.

Physical examination

palpation to assess pain, lump location, and extent

Blood tests

evaluation of inflammatory markers and overall health

Ultrasound

assessment of the subcutaneous fat layer and lump characteristics

Cytology or tissue biopsy

identifying inflammatory or other cellular changes

Bacterial culture

confirming bacterial infection and antibiotic sensitivity

Advanced imaging (CT/MRI) if needed to assess deep-seated lesions

A referral hospital with imaging and laboratory capability is recommended

04What treatment and care are needed after diagnosis? Medications, diet, and home care guide

Treatment focuses on controlling inflammation, relieving pain, and monitoring recovery; the plan and follow-up schedule are adjusted based on test results.

The vet will plan medication and treatment based on test findings
Short-term anti-inflammatory or pain relief is a common first-line option
If infection is present, subsequent treatment will be guided by culture results
Dietary management and weight control help reduce the risk of recurrence
Protect the wound at home to prevent scratching, licking, or rubbing
Follow up as directed by the vet to monitor the wound, blood tests, and imaging
If surgery or specialist referral is needed, the vet will arrange further assessment

05What to prepare before the vet visit? Key information to help the vet identify the cause quickly

Document when symptoms started and how they have progressed

List any recent changes in diet, appetite, and toilet habits

Bring weight measurements and any temperature readings you have taken

Prepare a list of current medications and supplements

Organise videos and photos for easy display or upload at the clinic

Book a clinic with ultrasound and in-house laboratory capabilities

This content is for reference only and cannot replace a professional veterinary diagnosis. If your pet shows signs of illness, please seek veterinary care promptly.